tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-28867072643551514862024-03-13T23:27:17.836-07:00Agriculture Technology AvenueAn online platform focused on agricultural technology offers insights into the scientific knowledge and methodologies relevant to the field of agriculture. This knowledge is sourced from validation research, adaptive research, and creative research.Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comBlogger350125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-74149634886483681932024-03-09T23:50:00.000-08:002024-03-09T23:55:47.818-08:00 Rice: A Cornerstone of the Global DietRice stands as a staple in the global diet, rivaled by few other food cereals in its importance. Its significance transcends mere sustenance, ingrained deeply within cultural and economic spheres worldwide. An examination of rice production relative to other major cereals illuminates its prominence, while trends and statistics underscore its pivotal role in the global food landscape. <br /><br />Over the past four decades, rice production has surged, a testament to agricultural advancements and strategic cultivation. Enhanced field yields, propelled by scientific innovations and improved agricultural practices, have been instrumental in bolstering production. Interestingly, this surge hasn't necessitated a significant expansion in acreage, underscoring the efficiency gains in rice cultivation. However, constraints persist, notably the preference for flooded fields and limitations imposed by soil types and water availability. <br /><br />The dominance of China and India in both production and consumption underscores the centrality of rice in Asian diets. Yet, a global perspective reveals a diverse landscape of leading rice-producing countries, encompassing Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Burma, Japan, the Philippines, Brazil, and the United States. Regional consumption patterns reflect cultural preferences and economic disparities, shaping trade dynamics. <br /><br />Despite its significance, international rice trade remains comparatively limited, fostering market price volatility. Historically, the United States played a pivotal role as a major rice exporter, but shifting global dynamics have altered trade patterns. Today, nations like Thailand and Vietnam dominate exports, highlighting evolving market dynamics and the need for strategic adaptation. <br /><br />Rice's centrality in global food systems is undeniable, encapsulating cultural heritage, economic livelihoods, and nutritional security. As production, consumption, and trade dynamics continue to evolve, understanding these intricacies becomes paramount. The future of rice lies at the nexus of technological innovation, sustainable practices, and geopolitical shifts, shaping not only the food we eat but also the world we inhabit.<br /><i>Rice: A Cornerstone of the Global Diet<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoURtI-6Q7kPoX3cnEY2H8ZZ7vAyehwNoSc5fLedMBQNidUwr0kGZ0zfQaNz5jlnopzRWckccwXEdbgJH_F77Mqm_wkk9o2V0_05IxHmOf-CDuJA8Q-Br93DuDVjAPAhuK0JmCNRu9vba488ZQMZIYW9D-0r4ihzxTvBT2c5HHvuR8-N9Uxhi5RD4ppaU/s959/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20155413.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="615" data-original-width="959" height="275" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoURtI-6Q7kPoX3cnEY2H8ZZ7vAyehwNoSc5fLedMBQNidUwr0kGZ0zfQaNz5jlnopzRWckccwXEdbgJH_F77Mqm_wkk9o2V0_05IxHmOf-CDuJA8Q-Br93DuDVjAPAhuK0JmCNRu9vba488ZQMZIYW9D-0r4ihzxTvBT2c5HHvuR8-N9Uxhi5RD4ppaU/w430-h275/Screenshot%202024-03-10%20155413.png" width="430" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-21423168743987349762024-03-06T23:30:00.000-08:002024-03-06T23:32:55.991-08:00Cultivation Practices of Dent CornLand Preparation:<br />Before planting, thorough land preparation is essential to create a suitable seedbed. This includes plowing, harrowing, and leveling the soil to promote uniform seed germination and emergence. <br /><br />Planting Techniques:<br />Dent corn is typically planted in rows using a seed drill or planter. Planting depth should be around 1-2 inches, with row spacing of 30-36 inches to allow for proper root development and inter-row cultivation.<br /><br />Fertilization and Nutrient Management:<br />Proper fertilization is key to ensuring adequate nutrient supply throughout the growing season. Soil fertility should be assessed through regular testing, and fertilizers should be applied based on crop requirements and nutrient deficiencies identified. <br /><br />Weed, Pest, and Disease Control:<br />Effective weed management strategies, including pre-emergent and post-emergent herbicide applications, crop rotation, and mechanical cultivation, are essential to minimize competition for nutrients and reduce yield losses. Integrated pest management (IPM) techniques should be employed to control insect pests, while disease-resistant varieties and cultural practices such as crop rotation and sanitation help mitigate the risk of diseases. <br /><br />Irrigation Methods:<br />Various irrigation methods, including drip, sprinkler, and furrow irrigation, can be employed based on soil type, water availability, and crop stage. Efficient water management practices, such as scheduling irrigation based on crop needs and soil moisture monitoring, help optimize water use efficiency and minimize water wastage. <br /><br />Monitoring Growth Stages:<br />Regular monitoring of crop growth stages is necessary to assess plant health, nutrient status, and pest/disease pressure. This allows for timely interventions and adjustments to cultivation practices as needed. <br /><br />Thinning and Spacing:<br />Thinning overcrowded stands and maintaining proper plant spacing helps optimize light interception, air circulation, and nutrient uptake, resulting in uniform plant growth and higher yields. <br /><br />Mulching Practices:<br />Mulching with organic materials such as straw or plastic film helps conserve soil moisture, suppress weed growth, and regulate soil temperature, enhancing overall crop performance and reducing the need for irrigation and herbicides. <br /><br />Support Systems for Tall Varieties:<br />Tall dent corn varieties may require support systems such as stakes or trellises to prevent lodging and ensure proper plant anchorage, particularly in windy conditions or areas prone to storms. <br /><br />Pruning Techniques:<br />Pruning lower leaves and side branches can improve airflow and reduce humidity around the plant canopy, minimizing the risk of fungal diseases and promoting better grain drying and harvest efficiency. <br /><br />Determining Harvest Readiness:<br />Dent corn is typically harvested when kernels reach physiological maturity, characterized by a hard, dented kernel texture and a moisture content of around 20-25%. Timing of harvest can be determined through visual inspection of kernel development and moisture testing. <br /><br />Harvesting Methods:<br />Mechanical harvesters, such as combine harvesters equipped with corn headers, are commonly used for efficient and timely corn harvest. Proper adjustment of harvesting equipment and operating speed is crucial to minimize grain damage and losses during harvest. <br /><br />Post-Harvest Handling and Storage:<br />After harvest, dent corn should be promptly dried to safe moisture levels (around 13-15%) to prevent mold growth and maintain grain quality during storage. Grain bins equipped with aeration and temperature monitoring systems are recommended for long-term storage to prevent spoilage and preserve market value.<br /><i>Cultivation Practices of Dent Corn<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2rFVO5_GOpG9MSqHZDPWsHKkyJxEHKq3A8SrbiLm-VNZyydS9ol49S4x9It51ZaHtWxC2D2LV3RXnWnJ71kiT6yKk8DQTpHPfXdtsXU0tXhTYsv66J936VtOmoqHFdv7l2xH0thd6VFeRfrvvmRVxeCyOLEqJuULdhtebWuvMej2Aeg69fYiU-XORu7o/s861/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="551" data-original-width="861" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2rFVO5_GOpG9MSqHZDPWsHKkyJxEHKq3A8SrbiLm-VNZyydS9ol49S4x9It51ZaHtWxC2D2LV3RXnWnJ71kiT6yKk8DQTpHPfXdtsXU0tXhTYsv66J936VtOmoqHFdv7l2xH0thd6VFeRfrvvmRVxeCyOLEqJuULdhtebWuvMej2Aeg69fYiU-XORu7o/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> </i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-44383352885994264072024-02-21T09:00:00.000-08:002024-02-21T09:03:25.022-08:00Celery Cultivation Celery, scientifically identified as <i>Apium graveolens</i>, is a versatile and nourishing vegetable cherished for its crisp texture and subtle taste. Recognizable by its elongated, sturdy, light green fibrous stems, celery holds a prominent place in culinary traditions across the globe. Notably, its leaves, often overlooked, present an additional dimension of utility, being entirely edible and contributing to its adaptability.<br /><br />The successful cultivation of celery hinges largely on the climatic conditions of the area. In regions with cooler climates and mild spring and summer seasons, initiating celery planting during early spring lays the groundwork for a productive summer yield. Conversely, in locales with warmer climates, opting for late summer planting ensures a harvest during late autumn or early winter, taking advantage of the milder weather patterns.<br /><br />Celery flourishes in soil abundant in nutrients, necessitating a generous supply of organic matter for optimal development. With its shallow root system, spanning a mere 2 to 3 inches deep and spreading 6 to 8 inches wide, celery demands soil enriched with compost or well-decomposed manure to provide essential nutrients for robust growth.<br /><br />Harvesting celery is a simple process commencing when the stalks attain a height of approximately eight inches. For individual stalks, beginning with the outermost and largest pieces, a sharp knife is employed to sever the stalk at its base, separating it from the main plant. Alternatively, for a complete plant harvest, cutting at ground level or uprooting the entire plant and trimming the roots serve as effective methods.<br /><br />In summary, cultivating celery offers a gratifying endeavor for both gardening enthusiasts and culinary aficionados. Grasping the optimal planting schedules, soil prerequisites, and harvesting methodologies proves indispensable for successful celery cultivation. Whether relished raw as a crispy snack, incorporated into salads for added texture, or infused into soups and stews for enhanced flavor, the adaptability and nutritional richness of celery render it a prized asset in gardens and kitchens alike.<br /><i>Celery Cultivation<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Up3MoeedJHg3pOvir-3Fe_ENGXOYYTsQsPeXLvHVgWFJCiHr4fM3B9E7F9Xz3WfuVq1fpXDb6-2x_3LGlxdjuHy5ZKZ2qdOZnjEZPeXKH-MJhYHKYX-7Il5WfNpma4hw4-Ran4NxiXr1dY5HDHhct72pGmAeMvzILwaA8LCA9BFWeamMU4C8ngSPShs/s408/1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="408" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Up3MoeedJHg3pOvir-3Fe_ENGXOYYTsQsPeXLvHVgWFJCiHr4fM3B9E7F9Xz3WfuVq1fpXDb6-2x_3LGlxdjuHy5ZKZ2qdOZnjEZPeXKH-MJhYHKYX-7Il5WfNpma4hw4-Ran4NxiXr1dY5HDHhct72pGmAeMvzILwaA8LCA9BFWeamMU4C8ngSPShs/w433-h315/1.jpg" width="433" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-72244523277672629042024-02-10T17:59:00.000-08:002024-02-10T17:59:06.132-08:00Geography of Modern AgricultureAgriculture, as defined by the purposeful raising of livestock and crops for human consumption, distinguishes itself from hunting and gathering by its deliberate cultivation and domestication of plants and animals. This exclusionary distinction highlights the transformative role humans play in shaping their environment to meet their needs.<br /><br />Forestry and fishing, while often grouped with agriculture in economic classifications, diverge in practice. Nonetheless, instances of overlap exist, such as in Scandinavia where farmers integrate forestry into their operations, and in coastal Asian villages where fishing and farming coalesce.<br /><br />In Africa, attempts to domesticate wild game for meat blur the lines between hunting and pastoralism, representing a unique stage in agricultural development. Similarly, the modern broiler industry, characterized by industrial-scale operations, challenges traditional notions of agriculture, prompting debate over its classification.<br /><br />Critics argue that contemporary agriculture, with its emphasis on efficiency and technological advancement, resembles industrial production more than traditional farming. However, the evolution of agriculture cannot be discounted merely because of its departure from conventional practices. The adoption of modern technology and organizational structures has led to significant growth and efficiency in agricultural production.<br /><br />Geographers, traditionally focused on farm-level production, are urged to broaden their scope to encompass the entire food system. This expanded perspective would include not only farm activities but also the geography of input production, such as fertilizer and machinery manufacturing, as well as the processing of raw materials into consumer goods like flour, sugar, and beverages.<br /><br />By recognizing agriculture as a multifaceted system, geographers can better understand the complex interactions between human activity and the environment. This holistic approach sheds light on the interconnectedness of agricultural practices, from cultivation and harvesting to processing and distribution. Moreover, it underscores the importance of considering social, economic, and environmental factors in agricultural analysis.<br /><br />In conclusion, agriculture transcends simple notions of farming to encompass a diverse array of activities aimed at meeting human needs. By acknowledging the dynamic nature of agricultural systems and embracing a comprehensive approach to study, researchers can better address the challenges and opportunities facing modern agriculture.<br /><i>Geography of Modern Agriculture<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwumdAKf6ZT9YC612cJXKsdTB5zo0y0RwS4ZeZOqELDAh3YYVuvJsmHsjpudXZW7vJvxtfQyrPaNJAlRwP7Pys8vPwBo5viaFtwm6U_tildbP8ZxOy8qkcnQuTxKSsNEpAFA2sNcx-xsh2spKEV0BB9J5J4Td6ddaOBajJxGy5gbbH0HBBv3e5llxF14/s1236/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="1236" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXwumdAKf6ZT9YC612cJXKsdTB5zo0y0RwS4ZeZOqELDAh3YYVuvJsmHsjpudXZW7vJvxtfQyrPaNJAlRwP7Pys8vPwBo5viaFtwm6U_tildbP8ZxOy8qkcnQuTxKSsNEpAFA2sNcx-xsh2spKEV0BB9J5J4Td6ddaOBajJxGy5gbbH0HBBv3e5llxF14/w438-h328/1.jpg" width="438" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-48878150135609808492024-01-27T19:28:00.000-08:002024-01-27T19:28:38.077-08:00Domestication's Impact on SocietyDomestication involves the hereditary reorganization of wild flora and fauna to fulfill various human needs, such as sustenance, labor, and companionship. This process, achieved through meticulous methods of selective breeding and genetic alterations spanning generations, imparts unique genetic traits to domesticated animals, distinguishing them from their wild counterparts.<br /><br />The timeline of domestication closely aligns with the shift from a hunter-gatherer to an agricultural society, predominantly unfolding between 8000 and 2500 BC. Wolves represent the pioneering species subjected to domestication, setting the stage for the subsequent domestication of animals like sheep, cows, and pigs. This period marks a pivotal juncture in human civilization, as the symbiotic relationship between humans and domesticated animals begins to shape societal structures.<br /><br />Throughout the domestication process, wild animals must adapt to human-altered environments, leading to genetic changes and the development of distinct domestic traits. This intrinsic evolution aligns domesticated animals with coexisting harmoniously with humans.<br /><br />The impact of domestication extends beyond human-animal relationships, notably shaping the emergence of agriculture as a specialized form of animal and plant production. The integration of domesticated animals into farming systems becomes crucial, significantly contributing to sustaining human populations. Livestock, a direct byproduct of domestication, assumes a pivotal role in diverse farming systems by providing a sustainable food source and actively participating in nutrient cycling on farms.<br /><br />Furthermore, the influence of domestication transcends agricultural boundaries, impacting ecosystems on a broader scale. Both domesticated and non-domesticated animals contribute to pest control mechanisms and foster biodiversity, highlighting the interconnectedness of domestication and ecological equilibrium. This intricate interplay between humans, domesticated animals, and the environment underscores the multifaceted consequences of domestication, shaping the trajectory of human societies and their cohabitation with the natural world.<br /><i>Domestication's Impact on Society<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_XHGDHWXAHPBmvfCQPwRm0mYBq4CBKXJr2y1r8CVbl6QdombqGiLr5bofT0E_r7djq83Ou2wgDpXAJOUet5TC1uMIgfBotIog-VgwL0u8fy-pCeVMy3XbpToG3bExuFmDrL5o8OvsMKV1E3776cuNPTrne5vQ5A_lqwwfgkQ-beAL4hegvCZMFTv_7OM/s429/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="429" data-original-width="425" height="395" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_XHGDHWXAHPBmvfCQPwRm0mYBq4CBKXJr2y1r8CVbl6QdombqGiLr5bofT0E_r7djq83Ou2wgDpXAJOUet5TC1uMIgfBotIog-VgwL0u8fy-pCeVMy3XbpToG3bExuFmDrL5o8OvsMKV1E3776cuNPTrne5vQ5A_lqwwfgkQ-beAL4hegvCZMFTv_7OM/w391-h395/1.jpg" width="391" /></a></div></i><div><p style="--tw-border-spacing-x: 0; --tw-border-spacing-y: 0; --tw-ring-color: rgba(69,89,164,.5); --tw-ring-offset-color: #fff; --tw-ring-offset-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-ring-offset-width: 0px; --tw-ring-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-rotate: 0; --tw-scale-x: 1; --tw-scale-y: 1; --tw-scroll-snap-strictness: proximity; --tw-shadow-colored: 0 0 transparent; --tw-shadow: 0 0 transparent; --tw-skew-x: 0; --tw-skew-y: 0; --tw-translate-x: 0; --tw-translate-y: 0; border: 0px solid rgb(217, 217, 227); box-sizing: border-box; color: #374151; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji"; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1.25em; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></p></div>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-9057864369779626082024-01-09T07:44:00.000-08:002024-01-09T07:44:19.244-08:00Coffee Irrigation: Boosting QualityThe passage delves into the pivotal role of irrigation in coffee farming, particularly in regions characterized by unpredictable rainfall. The following are key points and additional details:<br /><b><br /></b><div><b>Rainfall Variability and Coffee Production</b>:<div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>In sub-tropical regions, erratic rainfall underscores the indispensable need for irrigation to guarantee a reliable coffee harvest.</li><li>The risks of overbearing and die-back arise from water stress and insufficient nutrition, adversely affecting both yields and bean quality.</li></ul><b>Significance of Coffee Irrigation</b>:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The adoption of coffee irrigation holds promise for enhancing yields and expanding plantations in areas dealing with water shortages.</li><li>Countries such as India, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Vietnam depend on irrigation for 4-6 months throughout the coffee production cycle.</li></ul><b>Irrigation Requirements</b>:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The cultivation of Robusta coffee requires precisely timed, systematic irrigation throughout its annual production cycle.</li><li>The irrigation demand is substantial, approximately 101 m3 of water per acre per season.</li><li>Crucial stages for irrigation encompass flowering, berry expansion, and bean filling.</li></ul><b>Factors Influencing Irrigation Needs</b>:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Irrigation needs hinge on factors like rainfall distribution, dry season severity, soil composition, and depth.</li><li>Initial irrigation is applied during the flowering stage when fully developed flower buds become apparent.</li></ul><b>Establishing Water Delivery System</b>s:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Critical considerations for setting up water delivery systems involve securing a dependable water source, employing pumping and filtering systems, establishing main distribution networks, and implementing control systems.</li></ul><b>Advantages of Coffee Irrigation:</b></div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>Facilitates vegetative growth and stimulates increased flower bunch points.</li><li>Enhances bean yields.</li><li>Improves soil ecology by nurturing microbial populations and facilitating the decomposition of organic material.</li><li>Preserves the soil carbon-to-nitrogen (CN) ratio.</li><li>Creates an optimal microclimate for coffee growth.</li><li>Boosts nutrient absorption by plants.</li><li>Aids crops in surviving and yielding during periods of severe water stress.</li></ul><b>Coffee Root System</b>:</div><div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The critical segment of the coffee root system extends to a depth of 60 cm in the soil.</li><li>Excessive irrigation leading to water percolation below this depth proves detrimental to tree absorption.</li></ul></div><div>In conclusion, irrigation emerges as a crucial factor in ensuring the consistent and high-quality production of coffee, especially in regions prone to unpredictable rainfall and water shortages. Effective water management is essential for maximizing yields, maintaining soil health, and sustaining the overall well-being of coffee plants.<br /><i>Coffee Irrigation: Boosting Quality<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zWaLGDpAEpcBy7HP53E3IqkTa6j8inAVk5RYIo2bAIdzeUyg6zyVHL1y8X9YtBq3pRfluU-O6kIzoHM68fnUkfJifgDI9OoPt0kUP5FhDl9PhFh3hQ6AFdvH5M_MdQmtrya495XV9nj8GLao_cV3G-B2BHp4UtlMU1uU-AOgnRJr1pR3gnQjLZCegOs/s651/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="651" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6zWaLGDpAEpcBy7HP53E3IqkTa6j8inAVk5RYIo2bAIdzeUyg6zyVHL1y8X9YtBq3pRfluU-O6kIzoHM68fnUkfJifgDI9OoPt0kUP5FhDl9PhFh3hQ6AFdvH5M_MdQmtrya495XV9nj8GLao_cV3G-B2BHp4UtlMU1uU-AOgnRJr1pR3gnQjLZCegOs/w449-h240/1.jpg" width="449" /></a></div></i></div></div>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-88948433277740814652023-12-31T05:51:00.000-08:002023-12-31T05:51:48.825-08:00Blueberry Phytophthora: Causes, Symptoms, ControlPhytophthora root rot, the most widespread affliction impacting blueberries, can lead to significant dieback and often culminates in the demise of the plants. This soilborne disease is primarily triggered by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi and negatively affects the roots of blueberry plants.<br /><br />The Phytophthora pathogen is a microorganism that invades plants, infiltrating trees and plants through root contamination. Its transmission occurs readily between plants, facilitated by water irrigation, gardening tools, and human activities. Demonstrating a wide host range, this fungus-like organism infects various tree and shrub species, including other ericaceous plants like rhododendron and madrone, as well as numerous conifers.<br /><br />Impacted blueberry plants typically manifest symptoms reminiscent of drought stress, with leaves exhibiting wilting and discoloration, spanning from dull green to yellow, or occasionally red or purplish hues. The advent of warmer weather often accelerates the wilting process, leading to swift plant deterioration. The disease is exacerbated by wet, poorly-drained soil, as the shallow roots of blueberries, which thrive in moist conditions, become vulnerable to the pathogen in excessively wet environments.<br /><br />Infected plants show signs of wilting and apparent nutrient deficiencies, indicative of compromised root functionality. The pathogen's destructive progression entails upward growth from the roots through the root crown, reaching the lower trunk. In this process, the inner bark succumbs, resulting in browning of the outer layer of sapwood and ultimately contributing to the demise of the affected plants.<br /><i>Blueberry Phytophthora: Causes, Symptoms, Control<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqfPZE16y8oIvluhCAwYpXDY9lF723XRrBsGyTXCZMM2YdJLa7rcUz4qO8OmKhGSRVTYfhehrDbsf3543j5eAbmt0oJUkODbOb0BCLZ37HOJZQW877-OSaso-0baUWsZcCJ2pRh1391T8dBvqQ2IgT1uzRRMBrCf7n0ruKGhn01BKIkxdsa3QSN338I8/s387/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="387" height="277" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDqfPZE16y8oIvluhCAwYpXDY9lF723XRrBsGyTXCZMM2YdJLa7rcUz4qO8OmKhGSRVTYfhehrDbsf3543j5eAbmt0oJUkODbOb0BCLZ37HOJZQW877-OSaso-0baUWsZcCJ2pRh1391T8dBvqQ2IgT1uzRRMBrCf7n0ruKGhn01BKIkxdsa3QSN338I8/w414-h277/1.jpg" width="414" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-59770905981899222802023-12-17T01:52:00.000-08:002023-12-17T02:02:15.440-08:00Buckwheat Cultivation EssentialsBuckwheat, belonging to the Polygonaceae family and <i>Fagopyrum </i>genus, is an annual dicotyledonous crop known for its broad leaves that can reach a height of 2–5 ft. Despite not being a cereal, its fruits are conveniently grouped with cereal grains due to similar usage.<br /><br />This warm-season plant is characterized by superficial surface roots, a weak taproot, and upright reddish stems. Renowned for its short growth cycle of 10 to 12 weeks, it thrives in moderately fertile soil, requiring meticulous land preparation weeks in advance to remove weeds and enhance soil porosity. Adequate drainage is essential to prevent water lodging, which can impede germination and reduce crop yield.<br /><br />For optimal growth, buckwheat should be planted during warm weather for vegetative growth and cool weather for seed development. Planting dates vary by region, with recommendations ranging from late May to mid-June in North Dakota, mid-June to mid-July in New York, and mid-July in central Washington with irrigation.<br /><br />Seeds should be sown at a depth of 4–6 cm, but in dry climates, deeper sowing is recommended for sufficient moisture. Buckwheat has modest fertility needs, and some growers rely on residual fertility. The recommended fertilizer includes 47 kg nitrogen, 22 kg phosphorus, and 40 kg potassium per hectare, aiming for a yield of approximately 1600 kg. It can tolerate soil pH as low as 4.8.<br /><br />Flowering commences 3 to 6 weeks after planting, and since the flowers are self-sterile, insect or wind pollination is necessary. Harvesting time varies with altitude, occurring late in high-altitude areas and early in mid- and low-altitude regions. Timely harvesting, around 10 weeks after planting, is vital to prevent grain shattering.<br /><br />Small-scale threshing is straightforward, as most seeds fall out when a dry grain bundle is shaken. Harvested seeds must be thoroughly dried to around 14% moisture for safe storage. After harvesting, dehulling the seeds yields groats, which can be ground into flour for various purposes.<br /><i>Buckwheat Cultivation Essentials<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjSZ3cU__8H7EDSyuV3pbVUfewi7ZMaDPm0nQUgPxpu4H0v16-_nuuVBASIMM5EF6t4yMsK4DyCAwY87d_s2jnfV9oTnfBMmumHX-DEteilTeigLJcKJSb9pwbUFfeccZvAxZ5KOR4rpE0LNjhoUKlFZdW4G3nb2qGiFddHV2UTCj3oEu4H57U5kGivo/s394/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="247" data-original-width="394" height="274" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirjSZ3cU__8H7EDSyuV3pbVUfewi7ZMaDPm0nQUgPxpu4H0v16-_nuuVBASIMM5EF6t4yMsK4DyCAwY87d_s2jnfV9oTnfBMmumHX-DEteilTeigLJcKJSb9pwbUFfeccZvAxZ5KOR4rpE0LNjhoUKlFZdW4G3nb2qGiFddHV2UTCj3oEu4H57U5kGivo/w436-h274/2.jpg" width="436" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-91827700930886777412023-08-19T19:43:00.002-07:002023-08-19T19:43:16.436-07:00Barley Malting Process Malting involves the process of preparing a key brewing ingredient by carefully allowing grain to undergo controlled germination in moist conditions. This technique has historical origins reaching back nearly 6,000 years. While the fundamental malting process has remained consistent, the technology employed to carry out this process has undergone considerable advancements over time.<br /><br />The term 'malt' finds its roots in the Anglo-Saxon term 'mealt,' which could potentially be related to the concept of 'melt,' indicating the softening of grain. During malting, typically barley grains, are permitted to initiate the germination phase, followed by subsequent drying and heating of the kernels. The primary aim of malting is to stimulate the development of α-amylase activity, a natural occurrence during the sprouting of diverse cereal grains. Once the enzyme activity peaks, the germinated grains undergo kilning and drying to impede further growth. This procedure makes the sprout fragile while safeguarding the enzymatic activity cultivated within the kernel. The outcome after removing the sprouts is referred to as malt, possessing both enzyme activity and a distinct flavor that evolves throughout the kilning process.<br /><br />In its essence, malting encompasses two essential stages: the initial germination (sprouting) phase and the ensuing kiln drying stage. The ultimate kilning phase involves subjecting barley seeds to temperatures ranging between 55 and 100 degrees Celsius.<br /><br />The malted barley is utilized in the production of beer, distilled spirits, malt syrup, malted milk, flavorings, and breakfast products. It is recognized as high-quality barley and is frequently employed for animal feed and human consumption.<br /><br />A prominent reason brewers prefer barley as their primary grain choice is due to its ability to retain its husk during harvesting and malting. This characteristic yields three primary benefits:<div>~Preservation of the grain's original form.<br />~Deceleration of the germination process during malting.<br />~Regulation of water absorption during the malting phase.<br /><i>Barley Malting Process<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlL009YWU7ux7bFAxc-ygCSycynw-4rof_-Lonttz-47aU61y3MMr4_Z_rg9XBZywbz0vlwPU6M3UyNF7EwjBsFm__jtl2rU1ULnhO7B5-TXzkA8ww047WUkrvKdFa4TvT9-UFIfoo--4lf04cYxg-SrG6MKC8tpefECd-uMcB5ea2ONPdkHHgAmSLl04/s643/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="643" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlL009YWU7ux7bFAxc-ygCSycynw-4rof_-Lonttz-47aU61y3MMr4_Z_rg9XBZywbz0vlwPU6M3UyNF7EwjBsFm__jtl2rU1ULnhO7B5-TXzkA8ww047WUkrvKdFa4TvT9-UFIfoo--4lf04cYxg-SrG6MKC8tpefECd-uMcB5ea2ONPdkHHgAmSLl04/w433-h312/1.jpg" width="433" /></a></div> </i></div>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-29705724877605406882023-07-22T20:42:00.003-07:002023-07-22T20:42:12.329-07:00Soil physical characteristicsThe physical characteristics of soils encompass a range of observable and tangible attributes, including texture, color, depth, structure, porosity (the space between particles), stone content, density, consistence, aggregate stability, and temperature. These traits play a critical role in agricultural production and ensuring the sustainable use of soil.<br /><br />Soil is composed of particles of varying sizes, and its texture refers to the composition of these particles, such as sand, silt, clay-sized particles, and organic matter.<br /><br />Soil color provides valuable information about the organic matter content, the parent material from which the soil originates, the degree of soil weathering, and its drainage characteristics. Soils with high iron content exhibit deep orange-brown to yellowish-brown shades, while those rich in organic matter appear dark brown or black.<br /><br />Soil structure pertains to the arrangement of sand, silt, and clay particles in clusters. Sand particles are the largest, while clay particles are the smallest, and most soils are a combination of these three components. The relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay determine the overall texture of the soil. Additionally, the presence of organic matter (from decaying plants and animals) and soil organisms, such as earthworms and bacteria, also influence soil structure.<br /><br />The arrangement of soil particles significantly affects plant growth by influencing the movement of water, air, and nutrients to plants. Sandy soils typically lack structure but provide good drainage, whereas soils with higher clay content have a stronger structure but may have reduced drainage capabilities.<br /><br />Soil porosity refers to the empty spaces within the soil that are not occupied by mineral or organic matter but are instead filled with gases or water. Poor-quality soils have limited visible pores, cracks, or holes, and the management practices applied to the soil can impact its porosity.<br /><br />Soil density is related to the mineral and organic composition of the soil and its structure. On the other hand, soil consistence describes the ease with which an individual soil particle, known as a ped, can be crushed by fingers. This characteristic varies with the soil's moisture content.<br /><br />Aggregate stability indicates the soil's ability to form and maintain larger, more durable aggregates. Soils rich in organic matter tend to have stronger and more stable aggregates that resist compaction, whereas soils with less organic matter may have weaker aggregates. Improving soil aggregate stability offers several benefits for an agroecosystem, including a reduced risk of soil compaction and erosion.<br /><i>Soil physical characteristics<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRa9_ahUYNhHc2QfwKusGR1QIzJe-gu-b_mwdMZdGGgHwxEspP0rc_PStwXrW9Rt06KDJDy4lYDJ-m2U13cXgKj4jrKPXkD7_YpIQS8zs8_LdjEEQwQZ5VCofrU1Sk_2EQb3cyjxlOL7eK4sEpygrVpDFwV1Zt8JXnVhpwEFvnuaJ5XoOE81SAu-wNzzA/s2000/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1333" data-original-width="2000" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRa9_ahUYNhHc2QfwKusGR1QIzJe-gu-b_mwdMZdGGgHwxEspP0rc_PStwXrW9Rt06KDJDy4lYDJ-m2U13cXgKj4jrKPXkD7_YpIQS8zs8_LdjEEQwQZ5VCofrU1Sk_2EQb3cyjxlOL7eK4sEpygrVpDFwV1Zt8JXnVhpwEFvnuaJ5XoOE81SAu-wNzzA/w449-h299/1.jpg" width="449" /></a></div></i>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-32889289733081845982023-07-01T22:59:00.004-07:002023-07-01T22:59:28.670-07:00Sweet corn postharvestProper management of sweet corn after harvest is crucial to minimize waste and maintain product quality throughout the supply chain. Given the high perishability of fresh-cut produce, it is essential to handle it correctly from the moment of harvest in order to reduce losses and ensure a long shelf life of superior quality.<br /><br />In the fresh market, sweet corn is typically hand-harvested using a knife, with nighttime harvests being common in California. However, for corn intended for the processing market, a corn combine machine is employed to efficiently harvest the kernels by traversing the rows of corn.<br /><br />Preserving taste, aroma, and color is of utmost importance as these are the primary characteristics appreciated by customers. Among the post-harvest disorders that affect sweet corn, the main issues impacting quality and resulting in losses are the loss of sweetness, dehydration, fungal growth, and post-cooking browning.<br /><br />To optimize the supply chain, several essential steps must be taken, including cooling, handling, packaging, and shipment. The sensitivity of fruits and vegetables to storage conditions can vary significantly depending on the specific commodity.<br /><br />The ideal cooling process for sweet corn involves rapid removal of field heat and lowering the temperature to approximately 32°F. This is typically accomplished through a two-stage process, starting with hydrocooling of either packaged or loose corn. Hydrocooling, which involves immersing the corn in near-freezing water, effectively eliminates a significant portion of the heat (around two-thirds or three-quarters of the temperature difference between the harvest temperature and the water temperature).<br /><br />When it comes to storing corn, careful attention should be given to two factors: biotic and non-biotic elements. Biotic factors encompass all living agents that utilize the crop as a source of nutrients, resulting in damage. Examples of biotic factors include insects, pests, and microorganisms. On the other hand, non-biotic factors include relative humidity, temperature, and time.<div><i>Sweet corn postharvest<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUKseYq8p3V2l2HUG0JZmBmZ7Vqd8ZAYDUs9qknyf-8W4lAEFNVu71F9bkBQy8hkVsrJ_6eqms3wqiWCHfjcQ6FTTLJXCMK8Q9zz3W3UFrShtbCi1W2dfUmWTU-U7kL8s2NJOS8eiVm6qT6Nx-OrFl9lhLSWprr1vYLrGRdR99XQ5DmRLnOln9vQhahuU/s945/1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="620" data-original-width="945" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUKseYq8p3V2l2HUG0JZmBmZ7Vqd8ZAYDUs9qknyf-8W4lAEFNVu71F9bkBQy8hkVsrJ_6eqms3wqiWCHfjcQ6FTTLJXCMK8Q9zz3W3UFrShtbCi1W2dfUmWTU-U7kL8s2NJOS8eiVm6qT6Nx-OrFl9lhLSWprr1vYLrGRdR99XQ5DmRLnOln9vQhahuU/w459-h302/1.jpeg" width="459" /></a></div></i></div>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-2061366723966874682023-06-04T06:44:00.002-07:002023-06-24T20:29:50.556-07:00Cereal protein According to FAO, nearly 70% of food proteins and more than 80% of food energy is supplied by plants. Cereal grain are the staple foods for majority of the the world’s population. Sustainable cereal production systems involve enhanced biodiversity, living soils, use of integrated pest management, and low greenhouse gas emissions, simultaneously producing high-quality food and maintaining food security. <br /><br />Protein often occurs in foods in physical or chemical combinations with carbohydrates and lipids. Cereal grains contain around 75% saccharides, 10 to 15% proteins and 2% fats and are used primarily in the food industry, though they are also used in other industries and as animal feed. <br /><br />Protein content levels are lowest in rice, barley, and finger millet and highest in wheat, oats, pearl millet, and proso millet. Cereal proteins are mainly stored in the endosperm, the largest portion of the seed, and are traditionally classified in albumin, globulin, prolamin, and glutelin. <br /><br />The protein quality of the diet determines, in large part, how well children grow and how well adults maintain their health. High quality protein provides enough of all the essential amino acids needed to support the body’s work, and low quality proteins do not. <br /><br />One of the most frequently cultivated crops in the world is wheat, which is, due to its specific proportion of gluten-forming proteins (prolamins and glutelin), used mainly in the production of bread, pasta, and various bakery products. <br /><br />The content and quality of storage proteins is the principal factor affecting the technological quality of cereal grains. Protein content of wheat and flour is considered one of the best single indices of bread making quality. The quality and structure of the baked products are connected with gluten proteins. Gluten proteins improve the strength, extensibility, gas retention, and shelf life of dough; they also enhance the water retention property of the dough.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Cereal protein<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEor9fBpX1xgyhRGDKV7V5d2URYlgaoS5MWHU-Ye2TonQrf3A7jfoZMVHDA8mDp-9xyzak_cYqiI1hkOWADLzyFmOid5_BN3OU14UJ2UYhLjQhs_RdMwavj4DHJvBJbFC5dLKwmG1OE-eZvz8e-LkO4oR0MtZXhKABH7lsAj1Nuk8qlswk_3QTRlNAPE8/s629/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="593" data-original-width="629" height="416" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEor9fBpX1xgyhRGDKV7V5d2URYlgaoS5MWHU-Ye2TonQrf3A7jfoZMVHDA8mDp-9xyzak_cYqiI1hkOWADLzyFmOid5_BN3OU14UJ2UYhLjQhs_RdMwavj4DHJvBJbFC5dLKwmG1OE-eZvz8e-LkO4oR0MtZXhKABH7lsAj1Nuk8qlswk_3QTRlNAPE8/w441-h416/1.jpg" width="441" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-4341097584075591472023-05-08T13:06:00.005-07:002023-05-08T13:06:39.538-07:00Soil moistureSoil is basically a layer of unconsolidated material found at the Earth's surface that has been influenced by the soil forming factors. The gaps between the soil particles are known as pore spaces or voids, which consist of variable amount of air and water. <br /><br />Soil moisture is “the total amount of water, including the water vapor, in an unsaturated soil.” Soil moisture—sometimes also called soil water—represents the water in land surfaces that is not in rivers, lakes, or groundwater, but instead resides in the pores of the soil. It is a small proportion (only 0.15%) of the liquid freshwater on Earth, but it is an influential store of water in the hydrologic cycle. <br /><br />Soil moisture modulates interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere, thereby influencing climate and weather, and is important in determining the rainfall-runoff response of catchments, especially where saturation excess runoff processes are important. <br /><br />Soil moisture also influences a variety of processes related to plant growth. The potential of soil to hold back moisture which is available readily for plant growth and development for purposes such as irrigation and land usage is an important factor. One of the vital functions of soil is to hold and catch water at the time of periods of rainfall and store them. <br /><br />The roots of plants absorb water first, so their condition directly depends on its amount and aeration. Ultimately, the soil moisture effect on plants and the yield is vital. <br /><br />Generally, the water holding capacity of a soil is dependent upon such parameters as; soil type, structure, depth, organic matter content, past management practices, porosity, specific surface area, mineralogical composition, salinity, pore fluid characteristics, degree of compaction, presence of contaminants, temperature and humidity. Soil moisture levels affect a range of soil and plant dynamics. <br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><i>Three types of soil moisture</i></span>:<br />Gravitational water<br />Gravitational water is the water that moves through the soil by the force of gravity and drains. Gravitational water moves in the larger pores of the soil and drains quickly. <br /><br />Capillary water<br />It is the water that is contained in the micropores of the soil, in the soil pore spaces precisely. This water, which composes the soil solution, is loosely held around the particles of soil. This form of water is the most available water form made available to plants for utilization. <br /><br />Hygroscopic water<br />This form of water makes for a fine film wrapping particles of water and is typically not readily available to plants. It is found not only in pores but also on the surface of soil particles.<br /><b>Soil moisture<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNFsR9nV18zpVTYkKnUwAtVFIsEoilFaZgwGGnaChBixD6S5zIKrXuEt5XvgAdA2TV_e4VCdjJQpbY7iOpquwHsY1BPKECqdcHSPoYNDDPlmb9Hy-7U2NZbhJ3mL0EClUkDcbHG2QNLEeEo3APJ04zxRKw5JdCqM8JGccG16fWBYlDUvcXIWddtc9-/s1792/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1230" data-original-width="1792" height="302" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNFsR9nV18zpVTYkKnUwAtVFIsEoilFaZgwGGnaChBixD6S5zIKrXuEt5XvgAdA2TV_e4VCdjJQpbY7iOpquwHsY1BPKECqdcHSPoYNDDPlmb9Hy-7U2NZbhJ3mL0EClUkDcbHG2QNLEeEo3APJ04zxRKw5JdCqM8JGccG16fWBYlDUvcXIWddtc9-/w440-h302/1.jpg" width="440" /></a></div></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-42807031682745267232023-04-02T22:30:00.009-07:002023-04-02T22:30:49.661-07:00Soil chemical treatmentGood soil is rich in organic matter, excellent drainage, and rich in plant, animal and microbial communities, which usually can only be found in virgin or undeveloped forests. Soils and sediments contaminated with industrial organic chemicals represent one of the largest of the environmental remediation challenges globally. <br /><br />Chemical properties of soil affect the chemical, physicochemical, biochemical, and biological activities in soil. People and animals can be exposed to soil contaminants in several ways: by ingesting soil; by breathing violates and dust; by absorbing contaminants through the skin; or by eating food grown in contaminated soil. <br /><br />Soil treatment refers to the process of balancing soil acidity and baseness. It is also defined as a process of removing pollutants from the soil to protect both the environment and people’s health. Soil treatment technologies are classified into three types—biological treatment, chemical treatment, and thermal treatment. <br /><br />Chemical treatment methods aim at addition of chemicals or solvents into the polluted soils so as to stabilize the pollutants and convert them int0 less toxic that are harmless in the waterbodies, plants and human beings. This decontamination methods generally focus on chemical oxidation; whereby reactive chemical oxidants are injected into the soil and groundwater for the purpose of rapid and complete contaminant destruction. <br /><br />By stabilize the soil it will reduces the risks from contamination by effectively locking contaminants in the soil. Stabilization reduces the power of hazardous substances and contaminants in the environment. <br /><br />Chemical treatment is typically cost effective and can be completed in short time periods (in comparison with biological treatment).<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Soil chemical treatment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg28Sr8XqwJ6M8wO8IyDh2850FWEIGgj2bW9YYFdh3VEKxYKOGDYYe72WNb82zCa2pl6s9LM6_rFvq33BT1IEEyGdXOrxUT0exvPyr4S2ECKBz_TbXi2m4cguNH7vXxiUbf3nKN4PezaG61abbcjEd5QL-qyiwGbEVGzhWh8xiLHQ4uKExHPwoL3CjK/s596/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="596" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg28Sr8XqwJ6M8wO8IyDh2850FWEIGgj2bW9YYFdh3VEKxYKOGDYYe72WNb82zCa2pl6s9LM6_rFvq33BT1IEEyGdXOrxUT0exvPyr4S2ECKBz_TbXi2m4cguNH7vXxiUbf3nKN4PezaG61abbcjEd5QL-qyiwGbEVGzhWh8xiLHQ4uKExHPwoL3CjK/w472-h234/1.jpg" width="472" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-31637709470624474582023-03-12T05:43:00.006-07:002023-03-12T05:43:59.404-07:00What is soil horizon?The soil profile is composed of a series of horizons or layers of soil stacked one on top of the other. These layers or horizons are represented by letters O, A, E, C, B and R. Their physical, chemical and biological characteristics differ from the layers above and beneath. <br /><br />Soil horizons differ from one another in composition (e.g. clay or organic matter content), physical properties (e.g. color or particle size), or chemical properties such as pH or CEC (Cation exchange capacity). There is no set order for these horizons within a soil. Some soil profiles have an A-C combination, some have an O-E-B, an O-A-B, or just an O. <br /><br />The O Horizon<br />The O horizon is the upper layer of the topsoil which is mainly composed of organic materials such as dried leaves, grasses, dead leaves, small rocks, twigs, surface organisms, fallen trees, and other decomposed organic matter. The organic material has accumulated and been modified (physically and chemically) over time, typically from the remains of plant and animals. Natural events, such as flooding, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and dust deposition can bury an A horizon so that it is no longer found at the surface. <br /><br />The A-Horizon or Topsoil<br />This layer is rich in organic material and is known as the humus layer. This is a much thicker layer than the O Horizon, dominated by highly weathered mineral particles. This layer consists of both organic matter and other decomposed materials. <br /><br />The E-Horizon<br />The E in "E Horizon" stands for eluviation, another word for leaching. This layer is composed of nutrients leached from the O and A horizons. <br /><br />The B-Horizon or Subsoil<br />Zone of accumulation of Fe, Al, organic matter, clay, salts, or carbonates; may also just show a pedogenic development by changes in color or structure from the parent material or C horizon. It is the subsurface horizon, present just below the topsoil and above the bedrock. It is comparatively harder and more compact than topsoil. Minerals in the B horizon may be undergoing transformations such as chemical alteration of clay structure. <br /><br />The C-Horizon or Saprolite<br />This layer is devoid of any organic matter and is made up of broken bedrock. This layer may accumulate more soluble compounds like CaCO3. Low intensity processes, such as movement of soluble salts or oxidization and reduction of iron may occur. <br /><br />The R-Horizon<br />It is a compacted and cemented layer. Different types of rocks such as granite, basalt and limestone are found here.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">What is soil horizon?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKGdxHm7DE2EByPn6BG4oKZQg2r-TPgvo3nd409TU7yatTGgvNsdRs2hqO8a7tSYquw4MPSfLnW5-Zd7WTO89Ap4w75a_QeN7pFmhx7UOGvkmybQI5wIgDRD8yVGhNEZti34yiYfb3VY3WtuyrwjQM71SDFU9uLnjBvEZmWki6bsQxufKz4Uka5mc/s710/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="710" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTKGdxHm7DE2EByPn6BG4oKZQg2r-TPgvo3nd409TU7yatTGgvNsdRs2hqO8a7tSYquw4MPSfLnW5-Zd7WTO89Ap4w75a_QeN7pFmhx7UOGvkmybQI5wIgDRD8yVGhNEZti34yiYfb3VY3WtuyrwjQM71SDFU9uLnjBvEZmWki6bsQxufKz4Uka5mc/w455-h355/1.jpg" width="455" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-11012868022710960282023-01-22T21:24:00.003-08:002023-01-22T21:24:17.728-08:00Waxy cornThe starch content of the kernels is what separates waxy from regular yellow dent field corn. Normal corn kernels consist of 75% amylopectin and 25% amylose while waxy varieties are nearly 100% amylopectin. Amylopectin is a form of starch that consists of branched glucose chains while amylose is made up of unbranched glucose molecules. <br /><br />Plants are about 1.8- 2 m high. This variety has a wide adaptability to tropical conditions. It develops a strong root system and has good tolerance to lodging and rust. <br /><br />The seeds are used to plant delicious waxy corn, also called sticky corn, not sweet corn. Waxy corn should be planted about 200 meters away from yellow corn or should be planted 21 days earlier or later than yellow non-waxy hybrid to avoid cross pollination. Planting distance is 70 cm between rows and 20 cm between hills or about 70,000 plants per hectare. <br /><br />Waxy corn is processed in wet milling to produce waxy cornstarch which retrogrades back to the crystalline form of starch slowly. Waxy corn starch can be used as thickener and stabilizer due to its special natural properties, such as seasoning, frozen food, children's food, pudding and baked food, etc. it can also be used as an adhesive for salad food. Starch from waxy corn is also used in the papermaking and adhesive industries.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Waxy corn<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSjswW5mqZs5h8NTXp96iz-iC-p7M1yK5ik2SuEQWV_WzGEVv7JqTD46DsIAmMoRFaMNOhusCpaHCwclcl-yQmldoTz1g9XWTe2xmqaENNInJ7r4Z-fR0GMidVgZuWAomVbCh8tZpBPj_x43CmdWbnPxStsk7YgbSi2AZuHqSi2emWucBiGIpkHRh/s418/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="379" data-original-width="418" height="419" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYSjswW5mqZs5h8NTXp96iz-iC-p7M1yK5ik2SuEQWV_WzGEVv7JqTD46DsIAmMoRFaMNOhusCpaHCwclcl-yQmldoTz1g9XWTe2xmqaENNInJ7r4Z-fR0GMidVgZuWAomVbCh8tZpBPj_x43CmdWbnPxStsk7YgbSi2AZuHqSi2emWucBiGIpkHRh/w462-h419/1.jpg" width="462" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-71077330853172782332022-12-11T18:56:00.003-08:002022-12-11T18:56:25.999-08:00What is mulching?Mulching is a widely-practiced gardening technique that is beneficial for plants when done properly. Mulch is defined as a coating material spread over the soil surface. <br /><br />Mulching is referred as spreading various covering materials, such as bark, wood chips, leaves, and other organic material, on the surface of soil in order to preserve moisture and improve the condition of the soil. <br /><br />Soil also tends to dry out faster and harden in the hot sun. Mulches could potentially minimize water runoff, improve infiltration capacity of soil, and perform as obstacle in evapotranspiration. The main strength of mulching is to conserve soil moisture by reducing surface evaporation and controlling soil erosion <br /><br />Mulch helps regulate the temperature of the soil. Plant roots stay cooler when the temperatures rise. In the winter, mulch helps the soil stay warmer to protect the roots from the cold. <br /><br />Mulch also prevents weeds. Mulches control the germination and growth of weeds and inhibit the spread of soil-borne diseases. These mulches can also serve as insulation to stabilize the soil temperature and protect the roots from extreme temperatures during summer or winter. <br /><br />There are two types of mulches: organic or biodegradable made of organic materials and inorganic mainly made of plastic-based materials. The organic mulches consist of animal and plant residues. <br /><br />The most commonly used organic mulches include straws, husks, grasses and cover crops (live mulches), saw dust, compost, and manures. <br /><br />Shredded bark is one of the most common and least expensive types of mulch. It comes from a variety of sources, including cedar trees. <br /><br />Organic mulch encourages earthworms to move in. The worms dig tunnels that help bring air and water into the soil. They also break down leaves and other organic materials. Their waste is excreted in the form of castings. Castings act like a kind of fertilizer, helping plants grow. <br /><br />The most frequently used inorganic mulch throughout the world is polyethylene plastic mulch. The application of plastic mulching in agriculture is getting popular throughout the world, and its usage is increasing day by day. The use of plastics as mulching in agriculture is called plasticulture which is being used increasingly for producing fresh vegetables.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">What is mulching?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPqbp7USCb9tc1U5aZVgSR8DiISY-GF1HDS-pCSWgjsx7IUhhTiAsGm3t9qRpTt83e1VM4VWOE57cr1Spg-Mi7X3CggC98ApOK3n30UWVcpTFuBz_t7-9niI4532dj5ZJyPD6l3BYnP2NzSVwX4GZVQ5WX4SXQKfAIzt4t_28AGGZed2iPYHiEkfwl/s1170/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1018" data-original-width="1170" height="455" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPqbp7USCb9tc1U5aZVgSR8DiISY-GF1HDS-pCSWgjsx7IUhhTiAsGm3t9qRpTt83e1VM4VWOE57cr1Spg-Mi7X3CggC98ApOK3n30UWVcpTFuBz_t7-9niI4532dj5ZJyPD6l3BYnP2NzSVwX4GZVQ5WX4SXQKfAIzt4t_28AGGZed2iPYHiEkfwl/w523-h455/1.jpg" width="523" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-4080434812786513572022-11-13T05:16:00.003-08:002022-11-13T05:16:38.518-08:00Classification of soilSoil is a natural resource that can be categorized into different soil types. There are six main soil groups: clay, sandy, silty, peaty, chalky and loamy. They each have different properties.<br />*Sandy soil<br />*Silt soil<br />*Clay soil<br />*Loamy soil<br />*Peaty soil<br />*Chalky soil <br /><br /><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Sandy soil</span></i></b><br />The first type of soil is sand. Sandy soils are light, dry, warm, low in nutrients and often acidic. It consists of small particles of weathered rock. Sandy soils are often known as light soils due to their high proportion of sand and little clay (clay weighs more than sand). <br /><br />Sandy soils are one of the poorest types of soil for growing plants because it has very low nutrients and poor water holding capacity, which makes it hard for the plant’s roots to absorb water. These soils have quick water drainage and are easy to work with. <br /><br />Unfortunately, sandy soil is not good for growing many plants. Shrubs and bulbs such as tulips, tree mallow, sun roses, and hibiscus like sandy soils. Root crops like carrots, parsnips and potatoes favour sandy soils. <br /><br /><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Silt soil</span></i></b><br />Silt soils are composed of fine particles that can be easily compacted. The soil is made up of rock and other mineral particles, which are smaller than sand and larger than clay. It is the smooth and fine quality of the soil that holds water better than sand. <br /><br />This type of soil is well-suited for most veggies, as well as for climbing plants and perennial plants. Moisture-loving trees such as willow, birch, dogwood and cypress do well in silty soils. <br /><br /><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Clay soil</span></i></b><br />Clay is the smallest particle among the other two types of soil. The particles in this soil are tightly packed together with each other with very little or no airspace. Clay soils are heavy, high in nutrients, wet and cold in winter and baked dry in summer. <br /><br />These soils are made of over 25 percent clay, and because of the spaces found between clay particles, clay soils hold a high amount of water and makes it hard for moisture and air to penetrate into it. It is very sticky to the touch when wet but smooth when dried. <br /><br />Perennials and shrubs, such as Helen’s flower, aster, bergamot, flowering quince, do well in clay soil. Early vegetable crops and soft berry crops can be difficult to grow in clay soil because of its cool, compact nature. <br /><br /><i><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Loamy soil</span></b></i><br />Loamy soils are comprised of a mixture of clay, sand and silt that avoid the extremes of clay or sandy soils and are fertile, well-drained and easily worked. Loamy soil is rich in nutrients and drains very well yet manages to retain enough water so it does not dry out under a hot summer sun. It is more suitable for farming. <br /><br />This soil is also referred to as agricultural soil as it includes an equilibrium of all three types of soil materials, being sandy, clay, and silt, and it also happens to have humus. Most vegetable crops and berry crops will do well since loamy soil can be the most productive of loamy soil types. <br /><br /><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Peaty soil</span></i></b><br />Peat soils are mainly organic matter and are usually very fertile and hold much moisture. This type of soil is very rarely found in a garden and often imported into a garden to provide an optimum soil base for planting. <br /><br /><b><i><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Chalky soil</span></i></b><br />Chalky soils are very alkaline and may be light or heavy. As these soils are alkaline they will not support the growth of ericaceous plants that require acidic soils to grow. Trees, bulbs and shrubs such as Lilac, weigela, Madonna lilies, pinks, mock oranges.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Classification of soil<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI54qdVLQ1ZatfkFPeEe2yGxw2EC9fUfXF99obrQ4wH5mBU89eYAUG9bsjUh6k4OKsa5vEYlKfLg7YCnfK0y79rdS4ZFoAerVlyujptIQe_YWA0M8RdQ7eJw5eIiGMD9vynRz7psjxDfPjOc1t7D0vMGHwvtk9dR16TI33B0xhASnFg1eP_pPnex4m/s760/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="443" data-original-width="760" height="291" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI54qdVLQ1ZatfkFPeEe2yGxw2EC9fUfXF99obrQ4wH5mBU89eYAUG9bsjUh6k4OKsa5vEYlKfLg7YCnfK0y79rdS4ZFoAerVlyujptIQe_YWA0M8RdQ7eJw5eIiGMD9vynRz7psjxDfPjOc1t7D0vMGHwvtk9dR16TI33B0xhASnFg1eP_pPnex4m/w498-h291/1.jpg" width="498" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-58542794020578454612022-10-30T03:31:00.001-07:002022-10-30T03:31:07.617-07:00Black pepper plantBlack pepper (<i>Piper nigrum</i> L.) (Family : Piperaceae) is a plant of humid tropics requiring high rainfall and humidity. The plant is grown for its fruits. The fruits are used to produce black, white and green peppercorns which are commonly used as a spice in cooking. Black pepper may be vining or have bushy, wooden stems. <br /><br />It grows successfully between 20° North and South latitude, and from sea level up to 1500 m above sea level. The crop tolerates temperatures between 10° and 40°C. <br /><br />This woody vine produces small green fruits and spiky white flowers. The unripe peppercorns are dried and sometimes cooked until they turn black and wrinkly. <br /><br />Native to southern India and now common across Indonesia, Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Brazil, and other tropical regions, the black pepper is a tropical plant that enjoys warm, wet conditions with mild winters. <br /><br />Black pepper is a fast-spreading vine that can grow over 20 feet in length, but under cultivation it is usually restricted to 10–13 ft. Young plants can take 3-4 years to come into bloom but even modest-sized plants can yield hundreds of peppercorns. It is a perennial plant which can live for over 30 years, with a commercial lifespan of 12–20 years. <br /><br />Black Pepper has known health benefits such as: it increases nutrient absorption, improves heart rate and blood pressure, promotes healthy cell growth and digestion, acts as an anti-inflammatory, and enhances the immune system.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Black pepper plant<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHECXw9l76useJzKUz8WuvWfR1zcQGUzwTpNLL4kc9VzYEed4GiPNuEOgDrxBJ16Nm8BIxjLACQA44Fxrl6V0IF6YF3AF0U364LE-bYx6DX2aNAE_YJrHctmwq9cP5yoNlx9WtKXuVSmleTs9xwwHofcE7ZxW0YF7puA4Hh55QI0B_795J5tpZ3oJ/s248/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="248" data-original-width="200" height="441" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIHECXw9l76useJzKUz8WuvWfR1zcQGUzwTpNLL4kc9VzYEed4GiPNuEOgDrxBJ16Nm8BIxjLACQA44Fxrl6V0IF6YF3AF0U364LE-bYx6DX2aNAE_YJrHctmwq9cP5yoNlx9WtKXuVSmleTs9xwwHofcE7ZxW0YF7puA4Hh55QI0B_795J5tpZ3oJ/w356-h441/1.jpg" width="356" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-74987700973896452702022-09-25T05:33:00.003-07:002022-09-25T05:33:27.270-07:00Cultivation of coffee arabicaThe Arabica species of coffee (<i>Coffea arabica</i>) is cultivated mostly in Latin America. Arabica is used in the roast and ground coffee market and is added to blends of Robusta to improve the quality of instant coffee. <br /><br />Arabica is considered a milder, more flavorful, and aromatic brew than Robusta, though the latter is a hardier plant and is thus cheaper to produce. <br /><br />Cultivation of coffee trees begins with planting the seeds in potting soil and tended in nurseries for 9 to 18 months, until they reach a height of 18 to 24 inches when they are transplanted to permanent groves. Soil should be deep, friable, open textured rich in plant nutrients with plenty of humus and of slightly acidic nature (pH – 4.5 to 6.5). Coffee can be grown on many different soil types, but the ideal is a fertile, volcanic red earth or a deep, sandy loam. <br /><br /><i>C. arabica</i> takes approximately seven years to mature fully, and it does best with 1.0–1.5 meters of rain, evenly distributed throughout the year. Ideal average temperatures range between 15 to 24ºC for Arabica coffee. <br /><br />It is usually cultivated at an altitude between 1,300 and 1,500 m. High elevation improves the quality of the bean and potential cupping quality. Due to a delay in ripening brought about by cooler weather associated with higher altitudes, the inherent characteristics of acidity, aroma and bold bean can develop fully. <br /><br />The arabica plant is an evergreen, typically large bush with dark green, oval shaped leaves that can reach a height of 14 to 20 feet fully grown. <br /><br />On plantations the plants are kept at a height of about two to three meters to facilitate harvesting and nourish heavy bearing of berries. <br /><br />The coffee plant will flower in the spring with small white flowers and then bear half-inch berries that gradually darken from green to blackish pods. Each of these fruits contains two seeds, which eventually become the coffee beans. <br /><br />Coffee trees yield an average of 2 to 4 kilos of cherries and a good picker can harvest 45 to 90 kilos of coffee cherry per day; this will produce nine to 18 kilos of coffee beans.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Cultivation of coffee arabica<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQqK3fY4iy98SXcjnWSjnXN2B6x6iflhjb2Q6fdG0Bvr2Xnn8ENRd76c8mAIy5GuKFwvF5NITwCm2dl4S9UI8jfklGTfw91q2Wzt_-TgML1fjwg52SbhCjKbMuWhHFg7FcX4nJu6HFJuGy06yORsR4T-vRZWSQqQ9nbbo1HEOFOUx3Ds0YZ3q5lpnD/s906/2022-09-25%20(2).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="633" data-original-width="906" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQqK3fY4iy98SXcjnWSjnXN2B6x6iflhjb2Q6fdG0Bvr2Xnn8ENRd76c8mAIy5GuKFwvF5NITwCm2dl4S9UI8jfklGTfw91q2Wzt_-TgML1fjwg52SbhCjKbMuWhHFg7FcX4nJu6HFJuGy06yORsR4T-vRZWSQqQ9nbbo1HEOFOUx3Ds0YZ3q5lpnD/w460-h322/2022-09-25%20(2).png" width="460" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-41050230757307708172022-08-27T18:14:00.002-07:002022-08-27T18:14:14.050-07:00White cornSweet corn is a traditional summer food served at backyard barbecues and campgrounds across the country. Corn kernels can be different colors ranging from white to yellow to red to black. White corn is considered to be a grain, a fruit, and a vegetable. This corn is harvested before it reaches physical maturity to retain the sweet flavor and juice. <br /><br />Originating from a dry seed that comes from the grass family, it is considered a grain, but because it is harvested before maturity, it is also a vegetable; and because corn is the seed-bearing part of a flowering plant, it's a fruit. <br /><br />As it grows on the stalk, white corn becomes wrapped in layers from green husks to white husks. It also has a high-water content compared to field corn. The kernels and the ‘milk’ that comprise it are colored white. <br /><br />White corn produces sweet white kernels. A large ear of white sweet corn contains 3.1 grams of dietary fiber. Fiber supports an efficient digestive system and can help prevent constipation by keeping stool soft and by enabling human body to have bowel movements on a regular basis. <br /><br />The consumption of 100 gm of sweet corn will provide with 360 kJ energy. Sweet corn is rich in carbohydrates 19.02g and proteins 3.2g but is significantly low on fats 1.18g. <br /><br />The same ear of white sweet corn provides 1.93 milligrams of the 14 to 16 milligrams of niacin required each day. Niacin plays a role in the health of your skin, nerves and digestive system. An ear of white sweet corn supplies small doses of iron, magnesium and folate as well. <br /><br />Sweet corn is a versatile vegetable and can be consumed raw or along with stews, salads, toppings, soups, etc. To gain maximum benefits of sweet corn, take it early in the day at breakfast or lunch. <br /><br />White corn contains higher levels of starch, which make it perfect to be used in corn chips, tortillas, and other popular food products.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">White corn<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibd9YDes3NAh_eUKcZtNNIsUFbdoq7Pu0HUXYwr_8Wt9E6MFaNrkRXVhKh4xkHGFNYxApNYtnuuWB-djZpuieKBcQ9g8f1dRywm_q000mUnHZ7kOIBJhoCed-Hivppi0sDDenoqn-bt05hHRQ3167FMfuJUns1n3t3ObLAgLJqt_mNW7KTOU_d3E8U/s242/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="224" data-original-width="242" height="349" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibd9YDes3NAh_eUKcZtNNIsUFbdoq7Pu0HUXYwr_8Wt9E6MFaNrkRXVhKh4xkHGFNYxApNYtnuuWB-djZpuieKBcQ9g8f1dRywm_q000mUnHZ7kOIBJhoCed-Hivppi0sDDenoqn-bt05hHRQ3167FMfuJUns1n3t3ObLAgLJqt_mNW7KTOU_d3E8U/w377-h349/1.jpg" width="377" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-18578067109646341522022-07-30T22:12:00.008-07:002022-07-30T22:12:42.174-07:00Raspberry plantRaspberries are a shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family, in the genus Rubus. One of the most popular berries in North America, one raspberry bush can produce several hundred berries per season. <br /><br />There are two different categories of raspberries: Summer-bearing and fall-bearing (also called everbearing).<br />*Summer-bearing plants produce one big crop of fruits in late summer (often June or July). They are more common, developing their fruit on last year’s growth.<br />*Fall-bearing plants produce two crops a year. The plants produce berries on new canes. they bear a fall crop and can also produce fruit the following summer. <br /><br />The raspberry of greatest importance in commercial production is deciduous perennial with biennial status stems, the upright primocanes being produced in the first year of growth and the fruit-bearing laterals produced from them in the second year, when the canes are known as ‘floricanes’. The floricane produces fruit in early to mid-summer and then dies. <br /><br />Raspberry bushes grow best in full sun (at least 6-8 hours), in rich, well-drained soil. Raspberries grow 4-6 feet high; it isn't necessary to trellis them as long there are a room for the canes to arch slightly as the fruit ripens. <br /><br />Fruit ripening in raspberry usually takes about 30-36 days from pollinating. Abscission layers form upon ripening where each drupelet is attached to the receptacle and so once the fruit is harvested the receptacle or plug remained attached to the lateral.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Raspberry plant<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFzeIJaICop9Sw1_j-Py0NF6-16TScNXrOx0RGdM-oq1rBVgwOYYSwKaQd8sDpxmlXqp6f4CKyum1L2K-MFwDuH0DEiuuLmFWAnIc8PisG5aYF-uXXoe_ONlcVkG5mY4yfrRsoPhv4txeFCJduuxdPuHeDmad8NL5a8xkJzE25s0gU50QFzYNvSpPY/s600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="340" height="491" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFzeIJaICop9Sw1_j-Py0NF6-16TScNXrOx0RGdM-oq1rBVgwOYYSwKaQd8sDpxmlXqp6f4CKyum1L2K-MFwDuH0DEiuuLmFWAnIc8PisG5aYF-uXXoe_ONlcVkG5mY4yfrRsoPhv4txeFCJduuxdPuHeDmad8NL5a8xkJzE25s0gU50QFzYNvSpPY/w278-h491/1.jpg" width="278" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-16498117200088974312022-07-03T23:36:00.001-07:002022-07-03T23:36:03.144-07:00Harvesting vanillaVanilla is grown within 10-20 degrees of the equator. Most of the world's vanilla production is concentrated in a handful of Indian Ocean Island nations, mainly Madagascar and Indonesia. <br /><br />Vanilla pods, also called beans (though not beans at all), are ready nine months after pollination. They are ready to harvest when the tip starts turning yellow. If the vanilla is harvested too early, the vanillin levels will not be high enough. On the other hand, if a vanilla bean is left on the pod until it is fully ripe, it will split. <br /><br />Beans are carefully cut from the stem using a sharp knife. At this phase they are green and odorless. <br /><br />The newly picked beans are sorted and graded according to size, length and appearance. Larger beans with a nearly perfect appearance are Grade A beans. The smaller, thinner beans, some with split ends, are Grade B, or Extract Grade beans, used primarily for making vanilla extract. <br /><br />The curing process is what gives the beans their characteristics brown color as well as their flavor and aroma. The outer vegetative skin of the bean is killed by soaking it in hot water to keep it from growing further. This not only kills the skin of the vanilla bean, but also kills other potential pathogens.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Harvesting vanilla<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK8ALevk5q_sDTHwH_M-94Nt_0vcjzKr1RtnDxPrzUjCaamYyFq-T7IPXMJ7uOfGyiEg6GrCQXF736tKvQQhHQ8b1uTcWPkwTOkJ_H_CwHP1xk-BO9nw2T7g9wBZfuQSoQc91lEvZnKJX71QuMREijaQHDwkC9EV5JjHQJgRCBPpiLrUW1zvXaBoO6/s385/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="385" data-original-width="218" height="459" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK8ALevk5q_sDTHwH_M-94Nt_0vcjzKr1RtnDxPrzUjCaamYyFq-T7IPXMJ7uOfGyiEg6GrCQXF736tKvQQhHQ8b1uTcWPkwTOkJ_H_CwHP1xk-BO9nw2T7g9wBZfuQSoQc91lEvZnKJX71QuMREijaQHDwkC9EV5JjHQJgRCBPpiLrUW1zvXaBoO6/w260-h459/2.jpg" width="260" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-43079648926953218212022-06-16T09:38:00.002-07:002022-06-16T09:57:35.274-07:00Natural or dry method processing of coffeeWhen coffee reaches the consumers in its roasted form, it has gone through several phases. First as a coffee cherry which is harvested and processed, then as a green coffee bean prepared for roasting. There are four main methods used to process coffee: Washed Process, Natural (or Dry) Process, Wet hulled and Honey Process. <br /><br />Dry process is a method of processing coffee beans to remove the fruit of the cherry and dry the bean. In the dry method, the usual objective is to harvest all cherries simultaneously with the least percentage of unripe ones. <br /><br />The ideal situation is to harvest all fresh, ripe cherries with the least possible damage to the tree, irrespective of the processing system to be used. The cherries are picked ripe, which is important since the fruit itself imparts flavour during this process. They are sorted and weighed before moving to the drying area. <br /><br />In this method, the coffee cherries are laid out in the sun on a concrete drying patio. The coffee on the drying patios is shifted every 30-40 minutes. Throughout the course of 3-6 weeks, the coffees will ferment, as producers rake these cherries and rotate them to prevent spoiling. During this time, the sugars and mucilage (that sticky substance that coats the seed) will latch onto the seeds, which develop flavours and make them sweeter. <br /><br />Coffee must be dried from approximately 60% moisture content to 11-12% moisture content. After a period of 3 - 6 weeks, the husk of the dried cherry is removed mechanically. The resulting coffee is often referred to as unwashed. This is the oldest method of processing coffee and is more ecologically friendly, as it does not require water. <br /><br />This method is widely used in Brazil, but less widely used in Guatemala or Costa Rica where the coffee is more often piled perpendicularly to the old piles.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Natural or dry method processing of coffee<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_lBiz4ijSqBd8iMts_epQYPtw8mi1CLgArrsMjrZUWws5GJCFe0yyAUsGADcMrdcYRJYEyv_dLvgniielTOfElm_3UMIqZgulML-98dOiIs9ahF9kqPdS4WfD5ZNZRTVdQoCCdq4cEkDmSGeT15JcVspQH1u4MCk06taf659nVdl6AHsaWJ17rSpU/s527/2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="527" height="241" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_lBiz4ijSqBd8iMts_epQYPtw8mi1CLgArrsMjrZUWws5GJCFe0yyAUsGADcMrdcYRJYEyv_dLvgniielTOfElm_3UMIqZgulML-98dOiIs9ahF9kqPdS4WfD5ZNZRTVdQoCCdq4cEkDmSGeT15JcVspQH1u4MCk06taf659nVdl6AHsaWJ17rSpU/w417-h241/2.jpg" width="417" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2886707264355151486.post-44768408999207182492022-06-13T18:59:00.001-07:002022-06-13T18:59:16.869-07:00Protein food sourcesProtein is an important part of a healthy diet. The National Academy of Medicine recommends that adults get a minimum of 0.8 grams of protein for every kilogram of body weight per day, or just over 7 grams for every 20 pounds of body weight. <br /><br />Proteins give structure and support to body cells and are necessary for immune function, movement, chemical reactions, hormone synthesis, and more. <br /><br />Protein is found throughout the body—in muscle, bone, skin, hair, and virtually every other body part or tissue. It makes up the enzymes that power many chemical reactions and the hemoglobin that carries oxygen in blood. <br /><br />The 2 main food groups that contribute to protein are the:<br />*Group 1. Lean meat and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans<br />*Group 2. Milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternatives (mostly reduced fat) <br /><br />The vegetable and grains, contribute smaller amounts of protein, but they can add up to significant quantities. <br /><br />Top 10 sources of lean protein: fish, seafood, skinless, white-meat poultry, lean beef (including tenderloin, sirloin, eye of round), skim or low-fat milk, skim or low-fat yogurt, fat-free or low-fat cheese, eggs, lean pork (tenderloin), beans <br /><br />Fruit with the most protein: guava, avocado, jackfruit, kiwi, apricot, blackberries, raspberries, raisins, banana, grapefruit, oranges, cherries. <br /><br />Protein are all made up of tiny building blocks called amino acids. There are about 20 different amino acids that link together in different combinations. Nine of these are considered essential, meaning human body needs them but can’t make them on its own, so human need to get them from diet. <br /><br />Protein content of wheat and flour is considered one of the best single indices of bread making quality. Protein often occurs in foods in physical or chemical combinations with carbohydrates and lipids. <br /><br />The glycol proteins and lipoproteins affect the rheological properties of food solution or have technical applications as edible emulsifiers. <br /><br />During the heating (boiling, baking or roasting) the amino acid side chains are degraded or interact with other food component (e.g., lysine with reducing sugar) to give typical flavor. <br /><br />The effects of protein deficiency and malnutrition range in severity from growth failure and loss of muscle mass to decreased immunity, weakening of the heart and respiratory system, and death.<br /><b><span style="color: red;">Protein food sources<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiStlms6RExkOZZhxjZ1pDars5DNHxodhzNU2lmRVDUmR7DqeJV8tMhT-YEC6FJ0YfDDmmFMjwD4JIVsGscsHW1ij2D_sh_7sErrKmSiQ6pjMkVeipfCmeNnezwU6K9XLkvANkt7qwFBno1OhpBwgd7RFoqArK3A3C_Or6o8VHh25Zu3doaUEi_6UT-/s435/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="403" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiStlms6RExkOZZhxjZ1pDars5DNHxodhzNU2lmRVDUmR7DqeJV8tMhT-YEC6FJ0YfDDmmFMjwD4JIVsGscsHW1ij2D_sh_7sErrKmSiQ6pjMkVeipfCmeNnezwU6K9XLkvANkt7qwFBno1OhpBwgd7RFoqArK3A3C_Or6o8VHh25Zu3doaUEi_6UT-/s320/1.jpg" width="296" /></a></div></span></b>Johns Dukehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13546380855154878810noreply@blogger.com